If the XG instrument is capable of receiving 32 MIDI channels, processing moves to the second set of 16 channels (channels 17 - 32) after the first set (channels 1 - 16) has been processed, and here too, the rhythm channel (channel 26) takes priority. The MIDI instruments of the mid- and late-1980s rarely had enough memory capacity to store more than 128 voices at a time, but the instruments of today can store many hundreds—if not thousands—of voices. For this reason, a later revision of the MIDI Specification included the concept of “banks.” Each MIDI bank is a collection of up to 128 voices. Remote selection of particular voices within a bank is made, as usual, with program change messages. However, remote selection of banks is made using one or two special control change (“cc”) messages called Bank Select. These messages, which may be used separately or in conjunction with one another, are assigned to control #0 and #32. Control #0 is said to carry the Bank Select “Most Significant Bit,” or “MSB,” while control #32 is said to carry the Bank Select “Least Significant Bit,” or “LSB.” Each message on its own has 8 usable bits of data, enabling up to 128 different values to be designated. Together, the two messages yield 14 usable bits of data, enabling up to 16,384 different values to be designated. Thus, a MIDI instrument which utilizes both Bank Select messages can theoretically be directed to select any of up to 2,097,152 voices—16,384 banks of 128 voices each! The data of a received Bank Select message is preserved until the next received Bank Select message. For this reason, it is not necessary to re-transmit a Bank Select message before each program change message if you wish to access a different voice within the currently selected bank. GM In order to ensure that different tone generators play back music data in a compatible way, it is necessary that program change mes-sages select equivalent sounds on any system. GM specifies the organization of 128 melody voices into 16 groupings of 8 voices each, accessed by standard program change messages. Collectively, these are known as the GM Sound Set:a. Piano (pc # 1 - 8) i. Reed (pc # 65 - 72) b. Chromatic Percussion (pc # 9 - 16) j. Pipe (pc # 73 - 80) c. Organ (pc # 17 - 24) k. Synth Lead (pc # 81 - 88) d. Guitar (pc # 25 - 32) l. Synth Pad (pc # 89 - 96) e. Bass (pc # 33 - 40) m. Synth Effects (pc # 97 - 104) f. Strings (pc # 41 - 48) n. Ethnic (pc # 105 - 112) g. Ensemble (pc # 49 - 56) o. Percussive (pc # 113 - 120) h. Brass (pc # 57 - 64) p. SFX (pc # 121 - 128) The Bank Select MSB is used to select any of four bank types: Melody voices, SFX (Special Effects) voices, SFX kit (the SFX sounds, mapped one to a key), or Rhythm kit (various drum and percussion sounds, mapped one to a key): If the MSB is set to 00h (thus selecting Melody voices), the Bank Select LSB is then used to select any of 128 banks of voices, each containing 128 presets (which are accessed by standard MIDI program change messages).* Program change messages are also used to select different SFX voices, SFX kits or Rhythm Kits. The illustration on the following page shows how this works: * Even though the Bank Select LSB is unused when selecting SFX voices, SFX kits, or Rhythm Kits, it should be transmitted (with a data value of 0) regardless.00h : Melody voices 01h - 3Fh : Not used 40h : SFX voices 41h - 7Dh : Not used 7Eh : SFX kit 7Fh : Rhythm kit XG BANKS Bank Select MSB (cc #0) is used to select one of four bank types: If MSB = 00h, Bank Select LSB (cc #32) is used to select one of 128 banks: Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 2 Program change message (0 - 127) is then used to select desired voice or kit. Bank 127 MSB = 00h Melody voices MSB = 40h SFX voices MSB = 7Eh SFX kit In all XG instruments, Bank 0 of Melody voices (the default setting) contains the standard GM Sound Set. Other banks contain what are known as “Variation” voices. These voices are grouped in banks by their musical characteristics, making it easy to locate particular kinds of sounds. The current XG Specification defines a minimum of 520 melody voices (including the GM Sound Set), and more may be added (the Yamaha MU80, for example, provides 729 XG voices). Unique sounds which are not direct variations on the GM Sound Set are located in their own “SFX” bank, accessed by setting the Bank Select MSB to 40h. In line with the GM format, program changes take effect starting with the next Note On message. This ensures that XG instruments will not cut off voices which may be sounding when a program change message is received on a particular channel. Also, the processing of a Bank Select message is suspended until the next received program change message. This means that a Bank Select message by itself will not cause the sound to change. In contrast to GS, when an XG instrument receives a Bank Select MSB/LSB message followed by a program change message that points to an empty melody voice slot, the instrument substitutes the corresponding GM Sound Set voice, ensuring that the voice will be heard with a sound that is at least similar to the one intended. (However, if a Bank Select MSB value of 01h - 7Eh [SFX voice, kit or unused MSB] is received and the tone generator does not have a voice corresponding to the last received LSB and program change, the tone generator will produce no sound for that channel.) the XG format expands on GM by allowing additional channels to be designated for rhythm parts as well (and in real time), by simply transmitting a Bank Select MSB value of 7Fh, followed by an LSB of 00h and the desired program change message. XG-compatible instruments which support 32 MIDI channels normally use both channel 10 and channel 26 (the tenth channel in the second set of 16) as rhythm channels. a full bank of “SFX Kits” (each containing SFX voices, mapped one to a key) is designated and can be accessed by transmitting a Bank Select MSB value of 7Eh, followed by an LSB of 00h and program change message (to select the desired kit). Again, when an XG-compatible instrument receives a program change message pointing to an SFX kit that doesn’t exist, it is ignored and the currently selected SFX kit (the default SFX Kit #1, if none has been selected) is used, ensuring that sound is heard. five controller numbers are designated for use as follows:XG Guidebook cc #91 : External Effects Depth cc #92 : Tremolo Depth cc #93 : Chorus Depth cc #94 : Celeste (Detune) Depth cc #95 : Phaser Depth The XG Specification defines 4 basic and 4 extended preset reverb effects types; 3 basic and 5 extended preset chorus effect types; and 26 basic and 10 extended preset Variation effect types. System exclusive messages are not only used to select preset effects types but are also used to specify effects routings (allowing for parallel or variable amounts of serial routing) or even to make parameter changes to the effects themselves. Together, this allows the user to completely customize a sound’s effects from the ground up. Moreover, a user-defined realtime controller (such as a footpedal or wheel) can optionally be used to alter one effects parameter (usually dry/wet mix) in the selected Variation effect. In XG-compatible instruments, reverb send level is determined by cc #91, chorus send level is determined by cc #93, and Variation send level is determined by cc #94. Non-Registered Parameter Numbers (NRPNs) are used to set reverb, chorus, and Variation send levels for individual sounds within drum instruments. (See the “NRPNs” section in this Guidebook for more information.) XG also provides support for an optional fourth insertion effect as well as for an optional five-band master graphic equalizer. System exclusive messages are used to choose from among preset insertion effects types or eq curves and/or to alter the parameters of the selected effect (in the case of the five-band equalizer, to set the gain, center frequency, and bandwidth of each of the five bands). XG Guidebook Ctrl. # Decimal Hexi Function(MSB) GM GS XG 0 00 Bank Select No Yes Yes 1 01 Modulation Yes Yes Yes 2 02 Breath Control No No No 3 03 No No No 4 04 Foot Controller No No No 5 05 Portamento Time No Yes Yes 6 06 Data Entry Yes Yes Yes 7 07 Main Volume Yes Yes Yes 8 08 Balance No No No 9 09 No No No 10 0A Panpot Yes Yes Yes 11 0B Expression Yes Yes Yes 12 0C No No No 13 0D No No No 14 0E No No No 15 0F No No No The Voice bank can be selected via MIDI Control Change Bank Select (MSB and LSB) messages. In XG mode, the MSB value determines the Voice type (Normal, Drum), while the LSB value actually selects the bank (excluding the SFX bank). When the MU10 is in TG300B mode, the Voice banks can be selected with appropriate MSB numbers, as LSB is fixed. Lists of all available Voices along with bank and program numbers are provided on pages 42 – 49. Note that the 128 MIDI Program Change numbers consist of 0 through 127, whereas the 128 MU10 program numbers consist of 1 through 128. Depending on the sequencing hardware and software you use, you may have to convert the MU10 program numbers to the appropriate Program Change numbers. * For more information about Bank Select and Program Change messages, see About MIDI, page 24. Effect Types The MU10 features dozens of extremely versatile digital effects generated by Yamaha’s advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP) technology— which add a completely new dimension to your MU10’s sound. There are three distinct effect types, or effect sections, each of which include a variety of individual effects. There are 11 Reverb type effects, 11 Chorus type effects, and 43 Variation type effects. For a complete list of effects, see the Effect Type List on page 50. These effects are configured, or routed, in one of two ways—to be either a System Effect or an Insertion Effect. The difference is as follows:  SYSTEM EFFECT - Applies the designated effect to all 16 Parts.  INSERTION EFFECT - Applies the designated effect to only one specific Part. Reverb and Chorus effect types are dedicated System Effects, and therefore are applied to the overall “mix”. The Variation effect type, however, can be configured as either a System Effect or an Insertion Effect. To designate effect types and parameter values via MIDI messages, see XG Native Parameter Change, page 30. The following NRPN numbers can be received. NRPN DATA ENTRY MSB LSB MSB PARAMETER NAME and VALUE RANGE 01H 08H mmH Vibrato Rate mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63)01H 09H mmH Vibrato Depth mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 0AH mmH Vibrato Delay mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 20H mmH Filter Cutoff Frequency mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 21H mmH Filter Resonance mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 63H mmH EG Attack Time mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 64H mmH EG Decay Time mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 01H 66H mmH EG Release Time mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) 14H rrH mmH Drum Filter Cutoff Frequency mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number 15H rrH mmH Drum Filter Resonance mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number 16H rrH mmH Drum EG Attack Rate mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number 17H rrH mmH Drum EG Decay Rate mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number Applies to both Decay1 and 2. 18H rrH mmH Drum Instrument Pitch Coarse mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number 19H rrH mmH Drum Instrument Pitch Fine mm : 00H-40H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63) rr : drum instrument note number 1AH rrH mmH Drum Instrument Level mm : 00-7F (0-max) rr : drum instrument note number 1CH rrH mmH Drum Instrument Pan mm : 00H-40H-7FH (random, left-center-right) rr : drum instrument note number 1DH rrH mmH Drum Instrument Reverb Send Level mm : 00H-7FH (0-max) rr : drum instrument note number 1EH rrH mmH Drum Instrument Chorus Send Level mm : 00H-7FH (0-max) rr : drum instrument note number 1FH rrH mmH Drum Instrument Variation Send Level mm : 00H-7FH (0-max) rr : drum instrument note number